干旱地区土地利用结构变化与生态服务价值的关系研究——以酒泉市为例

利用酒泉市1997-2006年土地利用变更调查数据和相关统计资料,计算土地利用结构异质性指数和生态服务价值,分析土地利用结构与生态服务价值的变化及其相互关系.结果表明:1997-2006年酒泉市耕地、林地、园地面积在增加,其中耕地增加最多,增加了9 803.15hm2,牧草地、水域和未利用地面积不断减小,其中牧草地减少最多,减少了207 470.56 hm2;酒泉市土地利用结构多样性指数和均匀度增加而优势度降低,土地利用趋于多样化和均匀化;各类土地的生态服务价值都有不同程度的增加,土地利用生态服务价值总体呈增加趋势;土地利用生态服务价值与土地利用结构线性相关,通过增加牧草地、水域和耕地等生态用地面积,提高土地利用集约度,调整土地利用结构促进土地利用的多样化、均匀化,可以增加生态系统稳定性和提高生态系统服务功能的经济价值.     

Mechanisms and impacts of an incentive-based conservation program with evidence from a randomized control trial

Conservation science needs more high-quality impact evaluations, especially ones that explore mechanisms of success or failure. Randomized control trials (RCTs) provide particularly robust evidence of the effectiveness of interventions (although they have been criticized as reductionist and unable to provide insights into mechanisms), but there have been few such experiments investigating conservation at the landscape scale. We explored the impact of Watershared, an incentive-based conservation program in the Bolivian Andes, with one of the few RCTs of landscape-scale conservation in existence. There is strong interest in such incentive-based conservation approaches as some argue they can avoid negative social impacts sometimes associated with protected areas. We focused on social and environmental outcomes based on responses from a household survey in 129 communities randomly allocated to control or treatment (conducted both at the baseline in 2010 and repeated in 2015–2016). We controlled for incomplete program uptake by combining standard RCT analysis with matching methods and investigated mechanisms by exploring intermediate and ultimate outcomes according to the underlying theory of change. Previous analyses, focused on single biophysical outcomes, showed that over its first 5 years Watershared did not slow deforestation or improve water quality at the landscape scale. We found that Watershared influenced some outcomes measured using the survey, but the effects were complex, and some were unexpected. We thus demonstrated how RCTs can provide insights into the pathways of impact, as well as whether an intervention has impact. This paper, one of the first registered reports in conservation science, demonstrates how preregistration can help make complex research designs more transparent, avoid cherry picking, and reduce publication bias.     

Toward an improved legislative framework for China's land degradation control

The Chinese government has recently been attaching increasing importance to the application of effective legal tools to tackle land degradation (LD) issues. Based on the concept of sustainable development, China began developing and reaping the benefits of environmental and natural resources legislation including LD control regulations in the 1990s. In the past three years, some central‐western provinces in China have been implementing a “ People's Republic of China/Global Environment Facility (PRC/GEF ) Partnership on LD Control of Dryland Ecosystems”, which is based on an integrated ecosystem management (IEM) approach. IEM is designed to achieve a balanced, scientific and participatory approach to natural resources management, which creates the potential to improve the quality of Chinese environmental law and policy procedures. The paper studies the existing Chinese national laws and regulations pertinent to LD control within 9 areas covering land, desertification, soil erosion, grassland, forest, water, agriculture, wild animals and plants, and environment protection in detail, against IEM principles and basic legal elements. The main objective is to identify problems and provide feasible solutions and recommendations for the improvement of the existing laws and regulations. The authors conclude that the development of an improved national legislative framework is essential if LD control is to be successfully achieved. The paper is partly based on Component 1 — Improving Policies, Laws and Regulations for Land Degradation Control under PRC/GEF Partnership on Land Degradation in Dryland Ecosystems (TA 4357).     

Forest ecosystems of the volga basin under conditions of global climate warming: Local ecological prediction

Prediction based on one of the latest extreme prognostic models, the Hadley Centre Model HadCM3 (version A2) has been performed using an original method of discrete empirical statistical modeling of ecosystems. Probabilistic scenarios of the expected changes in summer soil moisture content until the mid-22nd century and corresponding structural and functional changes in forest ecosystems for different zonal/regional conditions of the Volga basin are described.     

生态系统服务功能与生态补偿关系的研究

生态系统服务功能与生态补偿相生相制,相补相长,其博弈之源是长久以来人类中心主义与大地伦理思想对人类行为的交替影响.对二者进行内涵解构,认为生态系统服务功能具体有服务过程不可逆性、服务功能不可替代性、服务价值外部性、服务行为非市场性、服务资本社会性、服务空闻连续性和差异性等特征;生态补偿具有补偿要素的片面性、补偿范围的局限性、补偿时序的滞后性、补偿方式的表层性、补偿效果的短期性等特性.在此基础上明确了二者之间的关系:第一,生态系统服务功能和生态补偿是矛盾的统一体,其中生态系统服务功能是生态补偿产生的基础,生态补偿是生态系统服务功能完善的根本保证;第二,生态系统服务功能价值评估是生态补偿根本依据;第三,生态系统服务功能的外部性导致了生态补偿的低效性;第四,生态系统服务功能的不可替代与不可逆性决定了生态补偿的紧迫性;第五,生态补偿机制的完善影响着生态服务功能的可持续发展.     

矿产弃地的生态恢复研究

尾矿废弃地是一种典型的退化生态系统。本文通过对其生态恢复所面临问题的研究，讨论了尾矿废弃地生态恢复的理论，运用矿区废弃地生态恢复的土壤改良和先锋物种的选择方法，对包钢尾矿库的复垦进行了分析，说明矿产废弃地的生态恢复是与区域社会发展紧密联系的生态-经济工程。     

Effects of thiobencarb in combinations with molinate and chlorpyrifos on selected soil microbial processes

The impact of pesticides, namely thiobencarb (TBC), molinate (MOL) and chlorpyrifos (CPF), on soil microbial processes was studied in two Australian soils. Substrate induced respiration (SIR), substrate induced nitrification (SIN) and phosphatases and chitinase enzymatic activities were assessed during a 30-day microcosm study. The pesticides were applied to soils at recommended rates either alone, or as binary mixtures with TBC. Soil samples were sampled at 5, 15 and 30 days after pesticide treatments. Substrate induced respiration was only transiently affected by pesticides in both soils. In contrast, the process of indigenous nitrification was affected by the presence of pesticides in both soils, especially when the pesticides were applied as binary mixtures. Substrate induced nitrification increased with pesticides in the Griffith soil (except with MOL+TBC after 5 days) whereas SIN values were non-significantly different to the control on the Coleambally soil. The binary mixtures of pesticides with TBC resulted in a decrease in SIN in both soils, but the effects disappeared within 30 days. The enzymatic activities were not consistently affected by pesticides, and varied with the soil and pesticides studied. This study showed that, when applied at recommended application rates, TBC, MOL, and CPF (individually or as binary mixtures), had little or only transitory effects on the functional endpoints studied. However, further investigations are needed to assess the effect on microbial densities and community structure despite the low disturbance to the functions noted in this work.     

企业主导生态付费模式研究——以江苏盐城国家级珍禽自然保护区为例

以江苏盐城国家级珍禽自然保护区(简称盐城保护区)为例,在问卷调查的基础上,分析了盐城保护区周边居民农药和化肥的使用对保护区生物多样性保护的潜在威胁.鉴于盐城保护区在生物多样性方面的重要性、其面临的挑战和机遇在中国众多保护区中的代表性,结合当前国际上方兴未艾的生态付费的基本思想,探讨了在盐城保护区引入私人部门主导的生态付费机制作为政府主导型生态付费机制补充形式的可能性,提出了由绿色企业对保护区周边农户直接开展生态服务付费机制的初步设计思想.     

Toxic effects of four sulphonylureas herbicides on soil microbial biomass

The effect of four triazinyl-sulfonylurea herbicides (cinosulfuron, prosulfuron, thifensulfuron methyl, triasulfuron) on soil microbial biomass, soil respiration, metabolic activity, metabolic quotient, and some enzymatic activities (acid and alkaline phosphatase, β-glucosidase, arylsulphatase, and fluorescein diacetate hydrolysis) were monitored under controlled conditions over 30 days. The herbicides were applied at the normal field dose (FD) and at ten-fold (10 FD) the field dose, in order to mimic a long term toxic effect. The measured soil microbial parameters showed that the FD had slight effects on soil microflora, while at 10 FD the tested herbicides exerted a stronger detrimental effect on soil microbial biomass and its biochemical activities.     

Value of Ecosystem Services in Conventional and Organic Rice Paddies： A Case Study in Wannian, Jiangxi, China

In the current study,the ecosystem services(ES)of conventional and organic rice paddies in Wannian,Jiangxi Province,China are investigated.First,the ES at the field level under organic and conventional paddies were investigated.Total economic value of ES in organic rice paddies was 30093.08yuan RMB/ha per year and that of conventional rice paddies was22 793.31 yuan RMB/ha per year.The total indirect value of ES was 14 813.7 yuan RMB/ha per year in organic rice paddies and12 424.56 yuan RMB/ha per year in conventional ones.There were significant differences between organic and conventional rice paddies for the economic values.Then,this economic information was used to extrapolate and to calculate the total and indirect value of ES from rice paddies in Wangnian.The total and indirect economic values of ES from conventional rice paddies in Wannian were6791 million and 3702 million yuan RMB per year respectively,and the total and indirect economic values of ES from organic rice paddies in Wannian were 1311 million and 646 million yuan RMB per year.If half the area had being converted to organic farming in Wannian,the total and indirect economic values of ES from conventional rice paddies were 3397 million and 1851 million yuan RMB per year,and the total and indirect economic values of ES from organic rice paddies were 5794 million and 2852 million yuan RMB per year.Finally,the total economic value of ES in rice paddies in Wannian was demonstrated through geographic information system techniques.